![]() Both also said that if a neutral person watched the clips they’d find their side to be more negative. When measured objectively, the pro-Israeli students found them to have more anti-Israeli references and the pro-Palestinian students found more anti-Palestinian references. In 1982, pro-Palestinian and pro-Israeli students at Stanford University were shown news clips related to the Sabra and Shatila massacre. This effect was first proposed by Robert Vallone, Lee Ross, and Mark Lepper who also conducted experiments to study it. It is a cognitive bias that leads people to think they are “normal” according to a consensus that doesn’t exist. ( source) 4 The “false consensus effect” occurs when people overestimate how many others share their opinions, beliefs, and habits. They found that the difference in opinions between the group who watched the movie and those who didn’t was greater after nine weeks than after five days. The soldiers’ opinions were measured five days and nine weeks after watching the movie. This effect was first observed among WWII soldiers, a group of whom were shown the Frank Capra’s propaganda film Why We Fight in an attempt to change opinions and morals by psychologist Carl Iver Hovland and his colleagues. People watch an engaging or persuasive advertisement on television and become persuaded by it, but gradually their attitudes shift back to those they originally held before watching it, almost as if they have never watched it at all. On the other hand, when people watch a persuasive message that is followed by something that makes it untrustworthy, like a disclaimer or reference to an untrustworthy source., the viewers who at first discount the message tend to become more persuaded with exposure to it over time. The effect was named after Pygmalion, a sculptor in Greek mythology, who fell in love with a statue he made. ![]() According to Rosenthal, elementary school teachers might subconsciously behave in ways that influence the students. This led to the conclusion that teachers’ expectations have an impact on the students’ performance, especially at a younger age. Though all six grades showed a mean increase in test results in both control and experimental groups, the first and second grade showed a significant increase among the students whose names were given to the teachers. ![]() The students were given another IQ test at the end of the study. Instead, the teachers were given names of 20% of the students who were randomly chosen, and told that they could be “intellectual bloomers.” They gave students an IQ test the results of which were not disclosed to the teachers. Robert Rosenthal, Distinguished Professor of Psychology at the University of California, and Lenore Jacobson, an ex-principal of an elementary school in South San Francisco, conducted a study to test the hypothesis that a person’s reality can be influenced positively or negatively by other people’s expectations of that person. The higher the expectations, the more they try to perform better. ( source) 2 The “Pygmalion effect” is a psychological phenomenon in which a person’s performance depends on what others expect of them. Mathematicians such as Srinivasa Ramanujan and Friedrich Engels have reported dreaming of numbers or equations, the latter remarking “last week in a dream I gave a chap my shirt-buttons to differentiate, and he ran off with them.” A variation of the Tetris effect is the condition of “sea legs,” an illusion that the floor is rising and falling that people who’ve been on a boat feel after getting back onto land. The Tetris effect is also known to occur in people who participate in speedcubing, a competition that involves solving a variety of puzzles, especially the Rubik’s cube, and experience involuntary visualization of various moves to solve the cube. People who played it for long periods of time often find themselves thinking of fitting together buildings, boxes, and any other geometrical objects, hallucinating or dreaming about falling tetrominoes, or seeing them in the corner of their eyes. The effect was named after the video game Tetris in which the gamer has to manipulate falling tetrominoes to create horizontal lines without gaps.
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